Task 7- History of the zine, Maria

Origins
The exact origins of the word "zine" is uncertain, but it was widely in use in the early 1970s, and most likely is a shortened version of the word "Magazine." with at least one zine lamenting the abbreviation. The earliest citation known is from 1946, in Startling Stories.
Since the invention of the printing press, people have published their own opinions in leaflet and pamphlet form. Thomas Paine published an popular pamphlet titled "Common Sense" that led to insurrectionary revolution. Paine is considered to be a significant early independent publisher and a zinester in his own right, but then, the mass media as we now know it did not exist. A countless number of famous literary figures would self-publish at some time or another, sometimes as children (often writing out copies by hand), sometimes as adults.

1930's-1960's science fiction
During and after the Great Depression, editors of "pulp" science fiction magazines became increasingly frustrated with letters detailing the impossibilities of their science fiction stories. Over time they began to publish these overly-scrutinizing letters, complete with their return addresses. This caused these fans to begin writing to each other, now complete with a mailing list for their own science fiction fanzines.

A number of leading science fiction and fantasy authors rose through the ranks of fandom, such as Frederik Pohl and Isaac Asimov. George R. R. Martin is also said to have started writing for Fanzines, but has been quoted condemning the practice of fans writing stories set in other authors' worlds.

1970's and punk
Punk zines emerged as part of the punk movement in the late 1970s. These started in the UK and the U.S.A. and by March 1977 had spread to other countries such as Ireland. Cheap photocopying had made it easier than ever for anyone who could make a band flyer to make a zine.

1980's and fact sheet five.
During the 1980s and onwards, Factsheet Five (the name came from a short story by John Brunner). The concept of zine as an art form distinct from fanzine, and of the "zinesters" as member of their own subculture, had emerged. Zines of this era ranged from perzines of all varieties to those that covered an assortment of different and obscure topics that web sites might cover today but for which no large audience existed in the pre-internet era.

1990's and riot grrrl
The early 1990s riot grrrl scene encouraged an explosion of zines of a more raw and explicit nature (until this time, males tended to make up the majority of zinesters). Following this, zines enjoyed a brief period of attention from conventional media and a number of zines were collected and published in book form, such as Donna Kossy's Kooks Magazine (1988–1991), published asKooks (1994, Feral House).

Zines and the internet
With the rise of the Internet in the late 1990s, zines faded from public awareness. It can be argued that the sudden growth of the Internet, and the ability of private web-pages to fulfill much the same role of personal expression as zines, was a strong contributor to their pop culture expiration. Many zines were transformed into websites, such as Boingboing. However, zines have been embraced by a new generation, often drawing inspriation from craft, graphic design and artists' books, rather than political and subcultural reasons.

Task 6- Zine production, Maria.

Most commonly, A zine is a small publication of images and text, usually used to accompany an artists work or give information. A popular belief is that a zine must be 5,000 copies or less to be considered a zine, although in practice the majority are produced in editions of less than 1,000, and profit is not the primary intent of publication.
Zines are written in a variety of formats, from computer-printed text to comics to handwritten text. Print remains the most popular zine format, usually photo-copied with a small circulation. Topics covered are broad, including fanfiction, politics, art and design, ephemera, personal journals, social theory and single topic obsession. The time and materials necessary to create a zine are matched by revenue from sale of zines. Small circulation zines are often not explicitly copyrighted and there is a strong belief among many zine creators that the material within should be freely distributed. In recent years a number of photocopied zines have risen to prominence or professional status and have found wide bookstore and online distribution.

Zines are sold, traded or given as gifts through many different outlets, from zine symposiums and publishing fairs to record stores, book stores, zine stores, at concerts, independent media outlets, zine 'distros', via mail order or through direct correspondence with the author. They are also sold online either via websites or social networking profiles.

Zines distributed for free are either traded directly between zinesters, given away at the outlets mentioned or are available to download and print online.

While zines are generally self-published, there are a few independent publishers who specialise in making art zines. One such 'art-zine' publisher (who also publish books) is Nieves Books in Zurich, founded by Benjamin Sommerhalder. Another is Café Royal, UK based and founded by Craig Atkinson in 2005.

Location Portraits- Tom

These images are location photography portraits. For these shots, I used different light exposures to create shadows and I also used reflectors and a gobo.  By using these, I experimented with various different techniques for this subject. I also tried to use different backgrounds to add diversity. I also used some different camera angles, and asked my model to face towards and away form the camera. Although I did this, I also tried to use angles that were flattering for my model. I did not use flash. 

I am happy with how my images turned out, as I think they show different processes used on location such as gobo's and reflector's. If I could improve the images, I would have shot in different locations with different light exposures.

Shot using a Gobo. 

Shots using a reflector.

Contact sheet.

Research

David bailey

Is an iconic figure who is regarded as one of the best British photographers. Born in the East End,he became a photographic assistant at the John French studio, then photographer for John Cole's Studio Five before being contracted as a fashion photographer for British Vogue magazine in 1960. Along with Terence Donovan and Brian Duffy, he captured and helped create the 'Swinging London' of the 1960s. In 2012, the BBC made a film of the story of his classic 1962 New York photoshoot with Jean Shrimpton.

Tim- Kirkstall Abbey

These are examples of location photography, shot at Kirstall Abbey. As seen in older projects, such as location shots at millennium square, I tried to show certain techniques typically used at location, such as change in depth of field, light exposure and so on.
With these images, my main focus was creating shadows and also using surrounding landscape features to frame the images, such as trees, other buildings and birds. Also keeping in mind the rule of three main features in each image.
As documented in the images, I did mainly experiment with light exposures, which I think changes the perception of the photograph. The light images are welcoming and angelic, whist the darker are spooky and uninviting. 

Research
Adam Burton

Adam first began teaching himself photography in 2001, mainly from reading magazines and then putting into practice techniques while on location either in the New Forest or along the Dorset coastline. This informal training enabled Adam to develop a unique style that continue to make his photographs instantly recognisable and highly in demand. His knowledge is entirely self taught; he has never received any formal photographic training.

Professional career

Ever since Adam first began taking photography seriously, his images have been in demand commercially. Since 2004 his images have been published regularly in national newspapers and magazines, as well as in books, greeting cards and calendars. Over this time he has worked for many large and prestigious organisations, supplying imagery and undertaking commissions for companies including British Petroleum, The AA, The Times and National Geographic.

tim And tom- Location photography in Millenium square

These shots are examples of location photography, taken in Leeds City centre. They capture different lighting exposures as well as differences in depth of field. I tried to include many angles and focus points, as well as framing images and following 'the rule of three.' This is were there are three prominent features in the image which the eye instantly connects too. Framing the image is were, for example, the focus point is a building, but instead of taking an ordinary image of the building, you use a tree, railing etc to divert the view point and divide the image. I also shot some images inside to show light changes, with the use of flash, and also the harshness that the flash creates to the image, making it seem two dimensional. I also tried to use motion blur in the first image, whilst still containing the shallow depth of field.

 Inside shots.

White balance change.

Research
Thomas Mayer
born 1946 in Switzerland, freelance in Germany since 1969, based in Neuss (between Dusseldorf and Cologne)
photographer for documentary on location in editorial and corporate work, architecture, landscape, people, industrial. analogue and digital.
Worked for major magazines like GEO, stern, Spiegel, merian, ZEIT-Magazin, Lufthansa Bordbuch. publications in books and calenders, exhibitions.

Steve- Task 2. Research.

Salvador Dali.
Salvador Dali was born in Spain in 1904. When he was a child, he showed strange behavior and often interrupted his class in school. As he got older, he started to paint pictures that came from his dreams. His dreams and his paintings were scary and unreal.
Dali went to art school in Madrid, Spain. He got kicked out, and never finished. He even spent time in jail. However, he continued to paint, and his art style became known as Surrealism. Salvador Dali drew everyday items, but changed them in odd ways. For example, one of his paintings is of melting clocks.
Before he died at the age of 85 in 1989, Dali had created works in film, ballet, opera, fashion, jewelry, and advertising illustrations.
The Persistence of MemorySome famous works of his are:The Persistence of Memory
Crucifixion
The Sacrament of the Last Supper

Soft watch At moment of first explosion

Landscape with butterflies 

The persistence of memory.1931

He once said, ' Don't bother about being modern. Unfortunately it is the one thing that, whatever you do, you cannot avoid. '
Meanings:
The persistence of memory.
The well-known surrealist piece introduced the image of the soft melting pocket watch. It epitomizes Dalí's theory of "softness" and "hardness", which was central to his thinking at the time. As Dawn Ades wrote, "The soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time, a Surrealist meditation on the collapse of our notions of a fixed cosmic order". This interpretation suggests that Dalí was incorporating an understanding of the world introduced by Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Asked by Ilya Prigogine whether this was in fact the case, Dalí replied that the soft watches were not inspired by the theory of relativity, but by the surrealist perception of a Camembert cheese melting in the sun.
Soft watch at moment of first explosion.
He first painted the soft watch in "the persistance of memory" and it has a different meaning than in the "soft watch at the moment of first explosion". The soft watch itself is a surreal symbol which adresses the unimportance or the irrelevance of time during the process of a dream. The soft watch exploding adresses nuclear physics, einstenian physics and its relation to time. So in the exploding clock we can see time desintigrating, with einstein moving objects and the faster they move the slower they experience time. So Dali has moved that irrelevancy of time from the process of dreams to physics. Dali was an avid reader of the sciences and incluided many of its branches to his art from psychology, biology, chemistry and physics.
Landscape with butterflies
Beautifully colored and meticulously detailed, this exudes an unnerving ambiguity about its subjects’ scale, proportion, and proximity to other objects in the painting. 


Paul Klee
Paul Klee was born in Switzerland on December 18, 1887. He loved cats. He painted them a lot. He had at least 8,926 works of art. In these works of art, he used simple lines and strong colors. He also used simple shapes to make important parts of the painting. Klee painted in many styles, but a lot of them were in the Primitive and Surrealist styles.
Klee has been variously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but his pictures are difficult to classify. He generally worked in isolation from his peers, and interpreted new art trends in his own way. He was inventive in his methods and technique. Klee worked in many different media—oil paint,watercolor, ink, pastel, etching, and others. He often combined them into one work. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint. Klee employed spray paint, knife application, stamping, glazing, and impasto, and mixed media such as oil with watercolor, water color with pen and India ink, and oil with tempera.
Quote; 'Art does not reproduce the visible; rather, it makes visible.'  

Fish Magic

Around the fish

Landscape with yellow birds

Leonardo Da Vinci

In 1452, Leonardo Da Vinci was born in an Italian town called Vinci. He lived in a time period called the Renaissance, when everyone was interested in art. Even though Da Vinci was a great artist, he became famous because of all the other things he could do. He was a sculptor, a scientist, an inventor, an architect, a musician, and a mathematician. When he was twenty, he helped his teacher finish a painting called The Baptism of Christ. When he was thirty, he moved to Milan. That is where he painted most of his pictures. DaVinci's paintings were done in the Realist style.

Leonardo was and is renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is s the the best known and most visited, and also the most sung about and most parodied work of art in the world, and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time, with their fame approached only by Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam. Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, being reproduced on items as varied as the euro, textbooks, and T-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number because of his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, compose a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.

Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull, and he outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. He made important discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics, but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.

Mona Lisa.

Leda and the swan.

La scapigliata

Mona Lisa

The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at theMusée du Louvre in Paris. The ambiguity of the subject's expression, frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.

La Scapigliata

The work is an unfinished painting, mentioned for the first time in the House of Gonzaga collection in 1627. It is perhaps the same work that Ippolito Calandra, in 1531, suggested to hang in the bedroom of Margaret Paleologa, wife of Federico II Gonzaga. In 1501, the marquesses wrote to Pietro Novellara asking if Leonardo could paint a Madonna for her private studiolo.

Leda and the swan

Leonardo da Vinci began making studies in 1504 for a painting, apparently never executed, of Leda seated on the ground with her children. In 1508 he painted a different composition of the subject, with a nude standing Leda cuddling the Swan, with the two sets of infant twins, and their huge broken egg-shells. The original of this is lost, probably deliberately destroyed, and was last recorded in the French royal Château de Fontainebleau in 1625 by Cassiano dal Pozzo. However it is known from many copies, of which the earliest are probably the Spiridon Leda, perhaps by a studio assistant and now in the Uffizi, and the one at Wilton House in England (illustrated).

Maria- Task 2.

Research.

Julian Germain. became interested in photography at school. He went on to study it published several books, including ‘In Soccer Wonderland’ (1994) and ‘The Face of the Century’ (1999). His first book, ‘Steel Works’ (1990), utilized a combination of his own photographs alongside historical images and pictures from various sources including family albums to examine the effects of the closure of Consett steelworks as well as broader issues of post industrialization. Julian’s continued belief in the value of amateur and ‘functional’ images is also reflected in his recent book, ‘For every minute you are angry you lose sixty seconds of happiness’, published by SteidlMack in 2005, and also in his project ‘The Running Line’, a sculptural installation in Saltwell Park, Gateshead in 2007, of more than 139,000 pictures made by amateur and professional photographers of the previous year’s ‘Great North Run’.

Marjolaine Ryley

'My work explores ideas of memory, history, familial relationships and archival narratives. My practice uses photography, super 8, digital video, text, objects and found photographs to explore a range of themes and issues that look at linking my own personal experiences to broader social and political narratives.  My work moves between the personal album and the social document.'

Walker evans

Walker Evans is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century. His elegant, crystal-clear photographs and articulate publications have inspired several generations of artists, from Helen Levitt and Robert Frank to Diane Arbus, Lee Friedlander, and Bernd and Hilla Becher. The progenitor of the documentary tradition in American photography, Evans had the extraordinary ability to see the present as if it were already the past, and to translate that knowledge and historically inflected vision into an enduring art. His principal subject was the vernacular—the indigenous expressions of a people found in roadside stands, cheap cafés , advertisements, simple bedrooms, and small-town main streets. For fifty years, from the late 1920s to the early 1970s, Evans recorded the American scene with the nuance of a poet and the precision of a surgeon, creating an encyclopedic visual catalogue of modern America in the making.

David Hurn

Born in the UK but of Welsh descent, David Hurn is a self-taught photographer who began his career in 1955 as an assistant at the Reflex Agency. While a freelance photographer, he gained his reputation with his reportage of the 1956 Hungarian revolution.

Hurn eventually turned away from coverage of current affairs, preferring to take a more personal approach to photography. He became an associate member of Magnum in 1965 and a full member in 1967. In 1973 he set up the famous School of Documentary Photography in Newport, Wales, and has been in demand throughout the world to teach workshops.

He recently collaborated on a very successful textbook with Professor Bill Jay, On Being a Photographer. However, it is his book Wales: Land of My Father, that truly reflects Hurn's style and creative impetus. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, Wales experienced a remarkable transformation. From a country with an economy, culture, and landscape dominated by agriculture and the heavy industries of coal, steel and slate, Wales has become a place where the mines, mills and quarries are closed - either for good or to be reinvented as mythical 'heritage' tourist attractions - and where the new industries are high-tech and computer-based. Hurn's book, a collection of carefully observed photographs, reveals both the traditional and the modern sides of the country.